Introduction
- Understanding Web Servers
- GitHub Pages vs. Flask
Our Goals for Today
Hello, World!
- Access data from our Flask server using JavaScript
- Stop the Python/Flask process
Hacks

Introduction

Welcome to this journey into the world of web servers and the Flask framework! In the previous weeks, you’ve successfully set up a web server using GitHub Pages, converting Jupyter Notebooks into Markdown for a seamless online presentation. Today, we’ll take that knowledge to the next level as we dive into creating your very own web server using Flask.

Understanding Web Servers

What is a Web Server?

Traditionally, we had librarians at libraries that would help you find books or information. Today in the digital world, thousands upon thousands of home pages, search engines, and digital archives have been built using web servers.

GitHub Pages vs. Flask

You’ve already experienced a form of web server through GitHub Pages. Think of GitHub Pages as a library that has established rules for publishing Markdown notes and Jupyter Notebooks neatly on a bookshelf.

Now, let’s introduce Flask, your personal web server. Flask can create and manage any type of content, including customizing everything according to your preferences, and even serve additional information (like a database with APIs).

The Flask Framework Flask is a micro web framework written in Python. It’s designed to be minimal and easy to use, making it perfect for building web applications, APIs, and, yes, even your web server. Today, we will start with the basics of Flask and see how it empowers you to create and manage web content.

Our Goals for Today

Here’s what we’ll accomplish in this session:

Create a minimal Flask server.
Explore the Python/Flask process.
Access data from our Flask server using Python.
Access data from our Flask server using JavaScript.
Learn how to stop the Python/Flask process gracefully.

Install required libraries

These libraries are required to run and interact with the Python web server.

!pip install flask flask-cors requests

Requirement already satisfied: flask in /home/darsh22/nighthawk/darsh_2025/venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages (3.0.3)
Requirement already satisfied: flask-cors in /home/darsh22/nighthawk/darsh_2025/venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages (5.0.0)
Requirement already satisfied: requests in /home/darsh22/nighthawk/darsh_2025/venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages (2.32.3)
Requirement already satisfied: Werkzeug>=3.0.0 in /home/darsh22/nighthawk/darsh_2025/venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages (from flask) (3.0.4)
Requirement already satisfied: Jinja2>=3.1.2 in /home/darsh22/nighthawk/darsh_2025/venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages (from flask) (3.1.4)
Requirement already satisfied: itsdangerous>=2.1.2 in /home/darsh22/nighthawk/darsh_2025/venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages (from flask) (2.2.0)
Requirement already satisfied: click>=8.1.3 in /home/darsh22/nighthawk/darsh_2025/venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages (from flask) (8.1.7)
Requirement already satisfied: blinker>=1.6.2 in /home/darsh22/nighthawk/darsh_2025/venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages (from flask) (1.8.2)
Requirement already satisfied: charset-normalizer<4,>=2 in /home/darsh22/nighthawk/darsh_2025/venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages (from requests) (3.3.2)
Requirement already satisfied: idna<4,>=2.5 in /home/darsh22/nighthawk/darsh_2025/venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages (from requests) (3.8)
Requirement already satisfied: urllib3<3,>=1.21.1 in /home/darsh22/nighthawk/darsh_2025/venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages (from requests) (2.2.2)
Requirement already satisfied: certifi>=2017.4.17 in /home/darsh22/nighthawk/darsh_2025/venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages (from requests) (2024.8.30)
Requirement already satisfied: MarkupSafe>=2.0 in /home/darsh22/nighthawk/darsh_2025/venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages (from Jinja2>=3.1.2->flask) (2.1.5)

Start Web Server

This Python code provides a simple server with an accessible API.

Note: Jupyter magic commmand %%python --bg that follows runs the server in background. This enables us to continue interacting with the subsequent Notebook cells.

from flask import Flask, jsonify
from flask_cors import CORS

# initialize a flask application (app)
app = Flask(__name__)
CORS(app, supports_credentials=True, origins='*')  # Allow all origins (*) Security command for the website

# ... your existing Flask

# add an api endpoint to flask app
@app.route('/api/data') #Route created, In a typical server, the body of this code isnt put in the main code. There are typically other things other than endpoint in the code. 
def get_data():
    # start a list, to be used like a information database
    InfoDb = [] # A list is initialized with zero lines

    # add a row to list, an Info record a dictionary
    InfoDb.append({
        "FirstName": "John",
        "LastName": "Mortensen",
        "DOB": "October 21",
        "Residence": "San Diego",
        "Email": "jmortensen@powayusd.com",
        "Owns_Cars": ["2015-Fusion", "2011-Ranger", "2003-Excursion", "1997-F350", "1969-Cadillac"]
    })

    # add a row to list, an Info record a dictionary
    InfoDb.append({
        "FirstName": "Shane",
        "LastName": "Lopez",
        "DOB": "February 27",
        "Residence": "San Diego",
        "Email": "slopez@powayusd.com",
        "Owns_Cars": ["2021-Insight"]
    })
    
    return jsonify(InfoDb) #once the lines are run then there are 2 objects in the list. JSONIFY restful API 

# add an HTML endpoint to flask app
@app.route('/') #Based of the route before  
def say_hello():
    html_content = """
    <html>
    <head>
        <title>Hellox</title>
    </head>
    <body>
        <h2>Hello, World!</h2>
    </body>
    </html>
    """ # Do not build things like this for frontend and backend especially without head and body because it screws up the menus and everything
    return html_content

if __name__ == '__main__':
    # starts flask server on default port, http://127.0.0.1:5001
    app.run(port=5001)

 * Serving Flask app '__main__'
 * Debug mode: off


[31m[1mWARNING: This is a development server. Do not use it in a production deployment. Use a production WSGI server instead.[0m
 * Running on http://127.0.0.1:5001
[33mPress CTRL+C to quit[0m
127.0.0.1 - - [09/Dec/2024 14:44:11] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 -
127.0.0.1 - - [09/Dec/2024 14:44:12] "[33mGET /favicon.ico HTTP/1.1[0m" 404 -

Explore the Python/Flask process with Linux

This script discovers the running flask process on your machine using Linux commands.

lsof - list open files
lsof and awk return the process id, so ps can list details, the vericle bar is called a pipe. A pipe flows output from one command to the next.
curl is a Linux utiltity that is easiest way to test if web server is responding

%%script bash

# After app.run(), see the the Python open files on port 5001
echo "Python open files on port 5001" 
lsof -i :5001
# see the the Python process 
echo
echo "Python process"
lsof -i :5001 | awk '/Python/ {print $2}' | xargs ps
# show ontent of the Python server using curl
echo
echo "Content of the Python root endpoint (aka /), using curl",  
curl http://localhost:5001/ 

Python open files on port 5001
COMMAND   PID    USER   FD   TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME
python  16812 darsh22    3u  IPv4 271780      0t0  TCP localhost:5001 (LISTEN)

Python process


your 131072x1 screen size is bogus. expect trouble


    PID TTY          TIME CMD
    698 pts/0    00:00:00 sh
    699 pts/0    00:00:00 sh
    704 pts/0    00:00:00 sh
    708 pts/0    00:00:49 node
    839 pts/0    00:00:10 node
    897 pts/0    00:03:31 node
    910 pts/0    00:00:03 node
    930 pts/0    00:03:36 node
    966 pts/0    00:00:01 node
   1000 pts/0    00:00:24 node
   1082 pts/0    00:00:02 pet
   1357 pts/0    00:00:01 pet
   1438 pts/0    00:00:02 node
   1732 pts/0    00:00:09 node
   1785 pts/0    00:00:00 node
   1796 pts/0    00:00:26 node
   2035 pts/0    00:00:00 python
  15141 pts/0    00:00:07 node
  15152 pts/0    00:01:56 node
  15236 pts/0    00:00:01 pet
  15545 pts/0    00:01:28 node
  15621 pts/0    00:00:00 node
  16258 pts/0    00:00:00 node
  16460 pts/0    00:00:03 python
  16812 pts/0    00:00:00 python
  22377 pts/0    00:00:20 node
  24003 pts/0    00:00:00 bash
  24007 pts/0    00:00:00 xargs
  24008 pts/0    00:00:00 ps

Content of the Python root endpoint (aka /), using curl,

    <html>
    <head>
        <title>Hellox</title>
    </head>
    <body>
        <h2>Hello, World!</h2>
    </body>
    </html>


  % Total    % Received % Xferd  Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current
                                 Dload  Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed
100   135  100   135    0     0  57915      0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 67500

Access data from our Flask server using Python

The code block below shows alternate ways to access the Web Server.

Import requests and use it to obtain response from endpoints
The response is a Python object that contains status codes and data
The data can be in different forms, we will be focussed on JSON responses in Full-Stack.

import requests
from IPython.display import HTML, display

# call api root endpoint (aka '/'), often called home page
response = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:5001/')
# output response in different forms
print("Print Status Message:", response)
print("\nPrint Raw HTML:\n", response.text)
display(HTML(response.text))

# call unknown api endpoint
response = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:5001/uknown-page') #API data can be put here instead to display the data in the webpage
print("Print Status Message:", response)

Print Status Message: <Response [200]>

Print Raw HTML:
 
    <html>
    <head>
        <title>Hellox</title>
    </head>
    <body>
        <h2>Hello, World!</h2>
    </body>
    </html>

Hellox

Hello, World!

Print Status Message: <Response [404]>

import requests
# an api endpoint most commonly returns JSON data
response = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:5001/api/data')
response.json()

[{'DOB': 'October 21',
  'Email': 'jmortensen@powayusd.com',
  'FirstName': 'John',
  'LastName': 'Mortensen',
  'Owns_Cars': ['2015-Fusion',
   '2011-Ranger',
   '2003-Excursion',
   '1997-F350',
   '1969-Cadillac'],
  'Residence': 'San Diego'},
 {'DOB': 'February 27',
  'Email': 'slopez@powayusd.com',
  'FirstName': 'Shane',
  'LastName': 'Lopez',
  'Owns_Cars': ['2021-Insight'],
  'Residence': 'San Diego'}]

Access data from our Flask server using JavaScript

This sample is very similar to Full-Stack as the JavaScript is running through Jupyter and the Web server is a Python Process running on our machine (local server).

HTML is used to setup basics of a table
The script block, has javascript fetch that passes endpoint (url) and options. The options are critical to communicating request requirements.
Similar to python examples, data is extracted and that data is written to the document, which is what is viewable to the user as the page is rendered. Headings are static in the document, but rows are dynamically extracted according to the information contained in the server.

%%html

<h1>Access data from our Flask server using JavaScript</h1>

<p>This code extracts data "live" from a local Web Server with JavaScript fetch.  Additionally, it formats the data into a table.</p>

<!-- Head contains information to Support the Document -->


<!-- HTML table fragment for page -->
<table id="demo" class="table">
  <thead>
      <tr>
          <th>First Name</th>
          <th>Last Name</th>
          <th>Residence</th>
      </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody id="result">
    <!-- javascript generated data -->
  </tbody>
</table>

<script>
  // prepare HTML result container for new output
  let resultContainer = document.getElementById("result");
  
  // prepare URL
  url = "http://127.0.0.1:5001/api/data";

  // set options for cross origin header request
  let options = {
    method: 'GET', // *GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, etc.
    mode: 'cors', // no-cors, *cors, same-origin
    cache: 'default', // *default, no-cache, reload, force-cache, only-if-cached
    credentials: 'include', // include, *same-origin, omit
    headers: {
      'Content-Type': 'application/json',
    },
  };

  // fetch the API
  fetch(url, options)
    // response is a RESTful "promise" on any successful fetch
    .then(response => {
      // check for response errors and display
      if (response.status !== 200) {
          console.error(response.status);
          return;
      }
      // valid response will contain json data
      response.json().then(data => {
          console.log(data);
          for (const row of data) {
            // tr and td build out for each row
            const tr = document.createElement("tr");
            const firstname = document.createElement("td");
            const lastname = document.createElement("td");
            const residence = document.createElement("td");
            // data is specific to the API
            firstname.innerHTML = row.FirstName; 
            lastname.innerHTML = row.LastName; 
            residence.innerHTML = row.Residence; 
            // this builds each td into tr
            tr.appendChild(firstname);
            tr.appendChild(lastname);
            tr.appendChild(residence);
            // add HTML to container
            // If we figure out this and the thing above then we're fine and shoudl be fine. 
            // If we are able to do this then we can do backend work like updating databases and whatnot
            // 
            resultContainer.appendChild(tr);
          }
      })
  })
  
</script> 

Access data from our Flask server using JavaScript

This code extracts data "live" from a local Web Server with JavaScript fetch. Additionally, it formats the data into a table.

First Name	Last Name	Residence

Stop the Python/Flask process

This script ends Python/Flask process using pipes to obtain the python process. Then echo the python process to kill -9.

%%script bash

python_ps=$(lsof -i :5001 | awk '/python/ {print $2}')
echo "Killing python process with PID: $python_ps"
echo $python_ps | xargs kill -9

Killing python process with PID: 



Usage:
 kill [options] <pid> [...]

Options:
 <pid> [...]            send signal to every <pid> listed
 -<signal>, -s, --signal <signal>
                        specify the <signal> to be sent
 -q, --queue <value>    integer value to be sent with the signal
 -l, --list=[<signal>]  list all signal names, or convert one to a name
 -L, --table            list all signal names in a nice table

 -h, --help     display this help and exit
 -V, --version  output version information and exit

For more details see kill(1).



---------------------------------------------------------------------------

CalledProcessError                        Traceback (most recent call last)

Cell In[18], line 1
----> 1 get_ipython().run_cell_magic('script', 'bash', '\npython_ps=$(lsof -i :5001 | awk \'/Python/ {print $2}\')\necho "Killing python process with PID: $python_ps"\necho $python_ps | xargs kill -9\n')


File ~/nighthawk/darsh_2025/venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/interactiveshell.py:2541, in InteractiveShell.run_cell_magic(self, magic_name, line, cell)
   2539 with self.builtin_trap:
   2540     args = (magic_arg_s, cell)
-> 2541     result = fn(*args, **kwargs)
   2543 # The code below prevents the output from being displayed
   2544 # when using magics with decorator @output_can_be_silenced
   2545 # when the last Python token in the expression is a ';'.
   2546 if getattr(fn, magic.MAGIC_OUTPUT_CAN_BE_SILENCED, False):


File ~/nighthawk/darsh_2025/venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/script.py:315, in ScriptMagics.shebang(self, line, cell)
    310 if args.raise_error and p.returncode != 0:
    311     # If we get here and p.returncode is still None, we must have
    312     # killed it but not yet seen its return code. We don't wait for it,
    313     # in case it's stuck in uninterruptible sleep. -9 = SIGKILL
    314     rc = p.returncode or -9
--> 315     raise CalledProcessError(rc, cell)


CalledProcessError: Command 'b'\npython_ps=$(lsof -i :5001 | awk \'/Python/ {print $2}\')\necho "Killing python process with PID: $python_ps"\necho $python_ps | xargs kill -9\n'' returned non-zero exit status 123.

Hacks

Edit, stop and start the web server.

Add to the Home Page
Add your own information to the Web API
Use from Template to start your own Team Flask project https://github.com/nighthawkcoders/flocker_backend